02_Introduction_To_Probability

Consider two random variables x and y If we observe multiple paired instances, then some combinations of outcomes are more likely than others This is captured in the joint probability distribution Written as Pr(x,y) Can read Pr(x,y) as “probability of x and y”

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1.Computer vision: models, learning and inference Chapter 2 Introduction to probability

2.Random variables A random variable x denotes a quantity that is uncertain May be result of experiment (flipping a coin) or a real world measurements (measuring temperature) Observing more instances of x, we get different values Some values occur more than others and this information is captured by a probability distribution 2 Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince

5.Joint Probability Consider two random variables x and y If we observe multiple paired instances, then some combinations of outcomes are more likely than others This is captured in the joint probability distribution Written as Pr( x , y ) Can read Pr( x , y ) as “probability of x and y ” 5 Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince

7.Marginalization We can recover the probability distribution of any variable in a joint distribution by integrating (or summing) over the other variables 7 Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince

8.Marginalization We can recover the probability distribution of any variable in a joint distribution by integrating (or summing) over the other variables 8 Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince

9.Marginalization We can recover the probability distribution of any variable in a joint distribution by integrating (or summing) over the other variables 9 Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince

10.Marginalization We can recover the probability distribution of any variable in a joint distribution by integrating (or summing) over the other variables Works in higher dimensions as well – leaves joint distribution between whatever variables are left 10 Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince

11.Conditional Probability Conditional probability of x given that y = y 1 is relative propensity of variable x to take different outcomes given that y is fixed to be equal to y 1 . Written as Pr( x | y = y 1 ) 11 Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince

12.Conditional Probability Conditional probability can be extracted from joint probability Extract appropriate slice and normalize 12 Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince

16.Bayes ’ Rule Terminology Posterior – what we know about y after seeing x 16 Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince Prior – what we know about y before seeing x Likelihood – propensity for observing a certain value of x given a certain value of y Evidence –a constant to ensure that the left hand side is a valid distribution

20.Expectation Expectation tells us the expected or average value of some function f [x], taking into account the distribution of x Definition: 20 Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince

21.Expectation Expectation tells us the expected or average value of some function f [x], taking into account the distribution of x Definition in two dimensions: 21 Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince

26.Expectation: Rules Rule 4: Expectation of product of functions in variables x and y is product of expectations of functions if x and y are independent 26 Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince

27.Conclusions 27 Computer vision: models, learning and inference. ©2011 Simon J.D. Prince Rules of probability are compact and simple Concepts of marginalization, joint and conditional probability, Bayes ’ rule and expectation underpin all of the models we use One remaining concept – conditional expectation – discussed later